The Relationship of Health literacy with Preventive Behaviors of Urinary Tract Infection in Pregnant Women

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences,

2 Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.

3 Department of Biostatistics, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.

4 Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.

Abstract

Background and Objective: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most common medical complication in pregnant women and is associated with serious consequences for both the fetus and the mother. The role of health literacy in examining adherence to UTI prevention behaviors during pregnancy has not been fully studied and relevant studies report controversial results. This study aimed to investigate the relationship of health literacy with preventive behaviors of urinary tract infection in pregnant women.

Material and Methods: This cross-sectional was conducted on 235 pregnant women in Mashhad, Iran. A multi-stage sampling design was used to select eligible participants, and valid and reliable questionnaires including the Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults (TOFHLA) and research made-preventive behaviors recommendations for urinary tract infection the disease was implemented to collect data. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22 and Spearman correlation, regression, Mann-Whitney and Kruskal Wallis tests. Significance level was considered lower than 0.05.  
 
Results: The average health literacy in this survey was 56.10±16.23 and ranged from 30.24-89.45. In this study, 83.6% of pregnant women showed marginal or inadequate levels of health literacy. there is a statistically significant correlation (P=0.001, r=0.959) between health literacy and prevention behaviors. Health literacy significantly correlated (P=0.001) with all aspects of prevention behaviors toward urinary tract infection.

Conclusion: Health literacy could be considered as a stronger predictor of preventive behavior toward urinary tract infection. Focusing on designing and implementing educational programs to promote the health literacy skills of pregnant mothers could be very beneficial to facilitate a healthy lifestyle in this.

Keywords

References

1. Taghdisi MH, Nejadsadeghi E. The effect of health education based on health belief model on behavioral promotion of urinary infection prevention in pregnant women. Journal of Research and Health. 2012;2(1):44-54..
 
2. Abedini S, Nooradin S, Mohseni S, Daryafti H, karimi F, Ezati-rad R. Health Literacy and Health-Promoting Behaviors in Southern Iran. Journal of Health Literacy. 2021;6(2):53-60..  
 
3. Tehrani FJ, Nikpour S. Effect of health on knowledge, self‐efficacy and health behaviours of women with urinary tract infection. International Journal of Urological Nursing. 2014;8(1):3-14..
https://doi.org/10.1111/ijun.12026  
 
4. Tugut N, Yesildag Celik B, Yılmaz A. Health Literacy and Its Association with Health Perception in Pregnant Women. Journal of Health Literacy. 2021;6(2):9-20.  
 
5. Forghani T, Ahmadian M, Rezaeisharif F, Ahadi M. Survey of Health Literacy during pregnancy and Its Relationship with Prenatal Care. Journal of Health Literacy. 2021;6(1):20-30.  
 
6. Peyman N, Ezzati Rastegar K, Tehrani H, Zarei F. Explanation of unwanted pregnancy from the perspective of family planning service providers: An exploratory study. The Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility. 2016;19(12):18-26.  
 
7. Michelim L, Bosi GR, Comparsi E. Urinary tract infection in pregnancy: review of clinical management. J Clin Nephrol Res. 2016;3(1):1030.  
 
8. Matuszkiewicz-Rowińska J, Małyszko J, Wieliczko M. Urinary tract infections in pregnancy: old and new unresolved diagnostic and therapeutic problems. Archives of medical science: AMS. 2015;11(1):67.
https://doi.org/10.5114/aoms.2013.39202
PMid:25861291 PMCid:PMC4379362  
 
9. Izadi rad H, Nohtani V, Aliahmadi M, Pourhaji F, Niknami S. The effect of educational intervention based on the integrated model of health belief with the structure of social support on self-care behaviors during pregnancy. Iranian Journal of Health Education and Health Promotion. 2020;8(4):324-35.
https://doi.org/10.29252/ijhehp.8.4.324  
 
10. Ghouri F, Hollywood A, Ryan K. A systematic review of non-antibiotic measures for the prevention of urinary tract infections in pregnancy. BMC pregnancy and childbirth. 2018;18(1):99.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-018-1732-2
PMid:29653573 PMCid:PMC5899369  
 
11. Alijahan R, Pourfarzi F, Salimi S, Tahmasebi P, Moradi S, Hazrati S. Prevalence of Urinary Tract Infection and Associated Risk Factors in Pregnant Women. Iranian South Medical Journal. 2014;17(4):676-86.  
 
12. Heshmati H, Behnampour N, Mir M, Karimi F, Khajavi S. Factors associated with urine and genital tract infection preventive behaviors among women referred to Gorgan Health Centers based on health belief model. Iranian Journal of Health Education and Health Promotion. 2015;3(1):59-68.  
 
13. Amiri M, Lavasani Z, Norouzirad R, Najibpour R, Mohamadpour M, Nikpoor AR, et al. Prevalence of urinary tract infection among pregnant women and its complications in their newborns during the birth in the hospitals of Dezful city, Iran, 2012-2013. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal. 2015;17(8).
https://doi.org/10.5812/ircmj.26946
PMid:26430526 PMCid:PMC4585427  
 
14. Belete MA, Saravanan M. A Systematic Review on Drug Resistant Urinary Tract Infection Among Pregnant Women in Developing Countries in Africa and Asia; 2005-2016. Infection and Drug Resistance. 2020;13:1465-77.
https://doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S250654
PMid:32547115 PMCid:PMC7245001  
 
15. Gilbert NM, O'brien VP, Hultgren S, Macones G, Lewis WG, Lewis AL. Urinary tract infection as a preventable cause of pregnancy complications: opportunities, challenges, and a global call to action. Global advances in health and medicine. 2013;2(5):59-69.
https://doi.org/10.7453/gahmj.2013.061
PMid:24416696 PMCid:PMC3833562  
 
16. Rizvi RM, Siddiqui KM. Recurrent urinary tract infections in females. Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association. 2010;60(1):55.  
 
17. Glaser AP, Schaeffer AJ. Urinary tract infection and bacteriuria in pregnancy. Urologic Clinics. 2015;42(4):547-60.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ucl.2015.05.004
PMid:26475951  
 
18. Kameli M, Badiee M, Rafiee M. Prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria and its Treatment In pregnant women referred to Health centers of Torbat Haydarieh in 2013. Journal of Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences. 2013;1(3):58-65.  
 
19. Hoffmann T, Peiris R, Del Mar C, Cleo G, Glasziou P. Natural history of uncomplicated urinary tract infection without antibiotics: a systematic review. British Journal of General Practice. 2020;70(699):e714-e22.
https://doi.org/10.3399/bjgp20X712781
PMid:32958533 PMCid:PMC7510849  
 
20. Seyedoshohadaee M, Barasteh S, Jalalinia F, Eghbali M, Nezami M. The relationship between health literacy and self-care behaviors in patients with type 2 diabetes. Iranian Journal of Nursing Research. 2016;10(4):43-51.  
 
21. Tol A, Pourreza A, Foroshani R, Tavassoli E. Assessing the effect of educational program based on small group on promoting knowledge and health literacy among women with type2 diabetes referring to selected hospitals affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Razi Journal of Medical Sciences. 2013;19(104).  
 
22. Javadzade SH, Sharifirad G, Radjati F, Mostafavi F, Reisi M, Hasanzade A. Relationship between health literacy, health status, and healthy behaviors among older adults in Isfahan, Iran. Journal of education and health promotion. 2012;1(1):31.
https://doi.org/10.4103/2277-9531.100160
PMid:23555134 PMCid:PMC3577376  
 
23. Reisi M, Fazeli H, Mahmoodi M, Javadzadeh H. Application of the Social Cognitive Theory to Predict Self-Care Behavior among Type 2 Diabetes Patients with Limited Health Literacy. Journal of Health Literacy. 2021;6(2):21-32.  
 
24. Tabrizian L, Nikpour S, Roodsari M. Individual predisposing factors to urinary tract infection (UTI) in married women. Iran Journal of Nursing. 2003;16(35):20-4.  
 
25. Dhakne S. Hygiene practices and sexual activity associated with urinary tract infection in rural pregnant women of Nagpur, India. SS Thakre, SN Dhakne, SB Thakre, SN Ughade Hygiene Practices and Sexual Activity Associated with Urinary Tract Infection in Rural Pregnant Women of Nagpur, India Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2015;33(1):177-8.
https://doi.org/10.4103/0255-0857.148416
PMid:25560031  
 
26. Dinc A. Prevalence of urinary incontinence during pregnancy and associated risk factors. LUTS: Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms. 2018;10(3):303-7.
https://doi.org/10.1111/luts.12182
PMid:28675636  
 
27. Epp A, Larochelle A, Lovatsis D, Walter J-E, Easton W, Epp A, et al. Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada. 2010;32(11):1082-90.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1701-2163(16)34717-X
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1701-2163(16)34718-1  
 
28. Rahimi SF, Zareban I, Shahrakipoor M, Zhianian A, Keykhaee Z. Predictors of Preventive Behaviors of Urinary Tract Infections Based on Health Belief Model among Pregnant Women in Zahedan. Caspian Journal of Health Research. 2016;2(1):9-17.
https://doi.org/10.18869/acadpub.cjhr.2.1.9  
 
29. Haider G, Zehra N, Munir AA, Haider A. Risk factors of urinary tract infection in pregnancy. JPMA The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association. 2010;60(3):213.  
 
30. Zoellner J, You W, Connell C, Smith-Ray RL, Allen K, Tucker KL, et al. Health literacy is associated with healthy eating index scores and sugar-sweetened beverage intake: findings from the rural Lower Mississippi Delta. Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2011;111(7):1012-20.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2011.04.010
PMid:21703379 PMCid:PMC3160591  
 
31. Huang L, Li L, Zhang Y, Li H, Li X, Wang H. Self-efficacy, medication adherence, and quality of life among people living with HIV in Hunan Province of China: a questionnaire survey. Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care. 2013;24(2):145-53.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jana.2012.04.006
PMid:22770801  
 
32. Vyas S, Sharma P, Srivastava K, Nautiyal V, Shrotriya VP. Role of behavioural risk factors in symptoms related to UTI among nursing students. Journal of clinical and diagnostic research: JCDR. 2015;9(9):LC15.
https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2015/10995.6547
PMid:26500927 PMCid:PMC4606256  
 
33. Corrarino JE. Health literacy and women's health: challenges and opportunities. Journal of midwifery & women's health. 2013;58(3):257-64.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jmwh.12018
PMid:23631442  
 
34. Kobayashi LC, Wardle J, Wolf MS, Von Wagner C. Aging and functional health literacy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences. 2016;71(3):445-57.
https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbu161
PMid:25504637 PMCid:PMC4834761  
 
35. Fadaiyan Arani E, Amin Shokravi F, Tavakoli Ghouchani H. The Relationship between Health Literacy and Nutrition Behaviors in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Journal of North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences. 2018;9(4):49-55.  
 
36. Walters R, Leslie SJ, Polson R, Cusack T, Gorely T. Establishing the efficacy of interventions to improve health literacy and health behaviours: a systematic review. BMC public health. 2020;20(1):1-17.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-08991-0
PMid:32605608 PMCid:PMC7329558  
 
37. Rolova G, Gavurova B, Petruzelka B. Health Literacy, Self-Perceived Health, and Substance Use Behavior among Young People with Alcohol and Substance Use Disorders. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021;18(8):4337.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084337
PMid:33921885 PMCid:PMC8073264  
 
38. Charoghchian Khorasani E, Tavakoly Sany SB, Tehrani H, Doosti H, Peyman N. Review of Organizational Health Literacy Practice at Health Care Centers: Outcomes, Barriers and Facilitators. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2020;17(20):7544.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207544
PMid:33081335 PMCid:PMC7589923  

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics