<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
			<journal>
			<title>Journal of Health Literacy</title>
			<title_fa>فصلنامه سواد سلامت</title_fa>
			<short_title>J Health Lit</short_title>
			<subject>Medical Sciences</subject>
			<web_url>https://literacy.mums.ac.ir/</web_url>
			<journal_hbi_system_id>0</journal_hbi_system_id>
			<journal_hbi_system_user></journal_hbi_system_user>
			<journal_id_issn>-</journal_id_issn>
			<journal_id_issn_online>2476-4728</journal_id_issn_online>
			<journal_id_pii></journal_id_pii>
			<journal_id_doi></journal_id_doi>
			<journal_id_iranmedex></journal_id_iranmedex>
			<journal_id_magiran></journal_id_magiran>
			<journal_id_sid></journal_id_sid>
			<journal_id_nlai></journal_id_nlai>
			<journal_id_science></journal_id_science>
			<language>en</language>
			<pubdate>
				<type>jalali</type>
				<year>0</year>
				<month>0</month>
				<day>1</day>
			</pubdate>
			<pubdate>
				<type>gregorian</type>
				<year>2026</year>
				<month>4</month>
				<day>1</day>
			</pubdate>
			<volume>11</volume>
			<number>2</number>
			<publish_type>online</publish_type>
			<publish_edition>1</publish_edition>
			<article_type>fulltext</article_type>
			<articleset><article>
				<language>en</language>
				<article_id_issn></article_id_issn>
				<article_id_issn_online></article_id_issn_online>
				<article_id_pubmed></article_id_pubmed>
				<article_id_pii></article_id_pii>
				<article_id_doi></article_id_doi>
				<article_id_iranmedex></article_id_iranmedex>
				<article_id_magiran></article_id_magiran>
				<article_id_sid></article_id_sid>
				<title_fa></title_fa>
				<title>Evaluating the Relationship between Health, Safety, and Environment Culture (HSEC) and Occupational Health and Safety Literacy (OHS Literacy): A Comparison of Two Structural Equation Modeling Approaches</title>
				<subject_fa></subject_fa>
				<subject></subject>
				<content_type_fa>مقاله پژوهشی</content_type_fa>
				<content_type>Original Article</content_type>
				<abstract_fa><![CDATA[]]></abstract_fa>
				<abstract><![CDATA[Background and Objectives: Health, Safety, and Environment Culture (HSEC) shapes employees’ awareness, attitudes, and behaviors toward occupational risks. Occupational Health and Safety Literacy (OHSL) is a key determinant of accident prevention, well-being, and regulatory compliance. Understanding the HSEC–OHSL relationship is essential for organizational performance and worker safety. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) offers tools to investigate such relationships; however, researchers face the choice between covariance-based SEM (CB-SEM) and partial least squares SEM (PLS-SEM). By contrasting these approaches, this study contributes to the theoretical understanding of safety culture and literacy and informs methodological decisions in occupational health research.Materials and Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey of personnel at Shahid Hasheminejad Gas Refining Company (Khangiran) (n = 410) using cluster sampling. Instruments included demographic checklists and validated HSEC and OHSL questionnaires. Data were analyzed with PLS-SEM (SmartPLS) and CB-SEM (AMOS) to compare approaches in estimating relationships and underlying factor structures. Model fit, factor loadings, (R2), and predictive relevance were evaluated.Results:  Mean scores were 78.66 ± 20.73 for HSEC and 74.67 ± 12.94 for OHSL (0–100 scale). Both SEM approaches showed a significant positive association: (rPLS=0.68) and (rCB=0.70). In PLS-SEM, factor loadings were higher than in CB-SEM. Based on loadings and (R2), the most influential OHSL facet was the use of health and safety information; for HSEC, on-the-job training and human factors were prominent. In CB-SEM, the communications factor had the highest loading.Conclusion: Our findings support a positive HSEC–OHSL interrelationship, contributing to workplace safety and organizational performance. Overall, high levels of HSEC and OHSL suggest a foundation for promoting safe practices and continuous safety-management improvement. Enhancing both culture and literacy may yield synergistic effects for a safer, more productive work environment.]]></abstract>
				<keyword_fa></keyword_fa>
				<keyword>Structural equation modeling, Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling, Covariance-Based Structural Equation Modeling, Health, Safety, and Environment Culture, Occupational Health and Safety Literacy</keyword>
				<start_page>53</start_page>
				<end_page>66</end_page>
				<web_url>https://literacy.mums.ac.ir/article_26840.html</web_url>
			<author_list><author>
				<first_name>Farideh</first_name>
				<middle_name></middle_name>
				<last_name>Khosravi</last_name>
				<suffix></suffix>
				<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
				<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
				<last_name_fa></last_name_fa>
				<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
				<email>khosravif4001@mums.ac.ir</email>
				<code>117824</code>
				<coreauthor>No</coreauthor>
				<affiliation>Student Research Committee, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran</affiliation>
				<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
				 </author><author>
				<first_name>Seyfollah</first_name>
				<middle_name></middle_name>
				<last_name>Gharib</last_name>
				<suffix></suffix>
				<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
				<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
				<last_name_fa></last_name_fa>
				<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
				<email>gharibs@mums.ac.ir</email>
				<code>117825</code>
				<coreauthor>No</coreauthor>
				<affiliation>Department of Health, Safety, Environment management, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran|Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran</affiliation>
				<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
				 </author><author>
				<first_name>Mohaddeseh</first_name>
				<middle_name></middle_name>
				<last_name>Nouri</last_name>
				<suffix></suffix>
				<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
				<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
				<last_name_fa></last_name_fa>
				<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
				<email>nourigm4002@mums.ac.ir</email>
				<code>117826</code>
				<coreauthor>No</coreauthor>
				<affiliation>Student Research Committee, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran</affiliation>
				<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
				 </author><author>
				<first_name>Jamshid</first_name>
				<middle_name></middle_name>
				<last_name>Jamali</last_name>
				<suffix></suffix>
				<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
				<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
				<last_name_fa></last_name_fa>
				<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
				<email>jamalij@mums.ac.ir</email>
				<code>117827</code>
				<coreauthor>Yes</coreauthor>
				<affiliation>Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran|Department of Biostatistics, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran</affiliation>
				<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
				 </author><author>
				<first_name>Zahra</first_name>
				<middle_name></middle_name>
				<last_name>Emrani</last_name>
				<suffix></suffix>
				<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
				<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
				<last_name_fa></last_name_fa>
				<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
				<email></email>
				<code>118269</code>
				<coreauthor>No</coreauthor>
				<affiliation>Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran|Department of Management sciences and health Economics, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.</affiliation>
				<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
				 </author></author_list>
				</article>
			</articleset>
			</journal>